- What is Requirements Traceability Matrix (RTM) in Software Testing: Step-by-step guide to creating Traceability Matrix with examples and sample template Today’s tutorial is about an important QC tool, that is either over-simplified (read overlooked) or over-emphasized – i.e Traceability Matrix (TM).
- So, this is a good place to check whether the test suite we created achieves the 100% test coverage goal or not. To do so, a traceability matrix can be created. Check out all there is to know about the Traceability matrix here. Tools – Test management tools like QC, qTest help us with the test case.
The collection of Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC) plans and tools includes templates to be used as guides for your project. They contain instructions, sample content, and can be adjusted and scaled to your project size and complexity. In software engineering, a test case is a specification of the inputs, execution conditions, testing procedure, and expected results that define a single test to be executed to achieve a particular software testing objective, such as to exercise a particular program path or to verify compliance with a specific requirement. The support matrix below applies these grades in the context of MediaWiki core, Wikimedia Foundation infrastructure, and any MediaWiki extensions that decide to follow it. Individual extensions may have their own support matrix distributing browsers among the different levels of support. See also Browser usage breakdown dashboard.
In software engineering, a test case is a specification of the inputs, execution conditions, testing procedure, and expected results that define a single test to be executed to achieve a particular software testing objective, such as to exercise a particular program path or to verify compliance with a specific requirement.[1] Test cases underlie testing that is methodical rather than haphazard. A battery of test cases can be built to produce the desired coverage of the software being tested. Formally defined test cases allow the same tests to be run repeatedly against successive versions of the software, allowing for effective and consistent regression testing.[2]
Formal test cases[edit]
In order to fully test that all the requirements of an application are met, there must be at least two test cases for each requirement: one positive test and one negative test.[3] If a requirement has sub-requirements, each sub-requirement must have at least two test cases. Keeping track of the link between the requirement and the test is frequently done using a traceability matrix. Written test cases should include a description of the functionality to be tested, and the preparation required to ensure that the test can be conducted.
A formal written test-case is characterized by a known input and by an expected output, which is worked out before the test is executed.[4] The known input should test a precondition and the expected output should test a postcondition.
Informal test cases[edit]
For applications or systems without formal requirements, test cases can be written based on the accepted normal operation of programs of a similar class. In some schools of testing, test cases are not written at all but the activities and results are reported after the tests have been run.
In scenario testing, hypothetical stories are used to help the tester think through a complex problem or system. These scenarios are usually not written down in any detail. They can be as simple as a diagram for a testing environment or they could be a description written in prose. The ideal scenario test is a story that is motivating, credible, complex, and easy to evaluate. They are usually different from test cases in that test cases are single steps while scenarios cover a number of steps of the key.[5][6]
Typical written test case format[edit]
A test case is usually a single step, or occasionally a sequence of steps, to test the correct behaviour/functionality, features of an application. An expected result or expected outcome is usually given.[7]
Additional information that may be included:[8]
- Test Case ID - This field uniquely identifies a test case.
- Test case Description/Summary - This field describes the test case objective.
- Test steps - In this field, the exact steps are mentioned for performing the test case.
- Pre-requisites - This field specifies the conditions or steps that must be followed before the test steps executions.
- Depth
- Test category
- Author- Name of the Tester.
- Automation - Whether this test case is automated or not.
- pass/fail
- Remarks
Larger test cases may also contain prerequisite states or steps, and descriptions.[8]
A written test case should also contain a place for the actual result.
Studio one 4 32 bit download. These steps can be stored in a word processor document, spreadsheet, database or other common repository.
In a database system, you may also be able to see past test results and who generated the results and the system configuration used to generate those results. These past results would usually be stored in a separate table.
Test suites often also contain[9]
- Test summary
- Configuration
Besides a description of the functionality to be tested, and the preparation required to ensure that the test can be conducted, the most time-consuming part in the test case is creating the tests and modifying them when the system changes.
Under special circumstances, there could be a need to run the test, produce results, and then a team of experts would evaluate if the results can be considered as a pass. This happens often on new products' performance number determination. The first test is taken as the base line for subsequent test and product release cycles.
Acceptance tests, which use a variation of a written test case, are commonly performed by a group of end-users or clients of the system to ensure the developed system meets the requirements specified or the contract.[10][11] User acceptance tests are differentiated by the inclusion of happy path or positive test cases to the almost complete exclusion of negative test cases.[12]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Systems and software engineering – Vocabulary. Iso/Iec/IEEE 24765:2010(E). 2010-12-01. pp. 1–418. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5733835. ISBN978-0-7381-6205-8.
- ^Kaner, Cem (May 2003). 'What Is a Good Test Case?'(PDF). STAR East: 2.
- ^'Writing Test Rules to Verify Stakeholder Requirements'. StickyMinds.
- ^Beizer, Boris (May 22, 1995). Black Box Testing. New York: Wiley. p. 3. ISBN9780471120940.
- ^'An Introduction to Scenario Testing'(PDF). Cem Kaner. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
- ^Crispin, Lisa; Gregory, Janet (2009). Agile Testing: A Practical Guide for Testers and Agile Teams. Addison-Wesley. pp. 192–5. ISBN978-81-317-3068-3.
- ^https://www.softwaretestingstandard.org/part3.phpISO/IEC/IEEE 29119-4:2019, 'Part 4: Test techniques'
- ^ abLiu, Juan (2014). 'Studies of the Software Test Processes Based on GUI'. 2014 International Conference on Computer, Network: 113–121. doi:10.1109/CSCI.2014.104. ISBN9781605951676. S2CID15204091. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
- ^Kaner, Cem; Falk, Jack; Nguyen, Hung Q. (1993). Testing Computer Software (2nd ed.). Boston: Thomson Computer Press. p. 123–4. ISBN1-85032-847-1.
- ^Goethem, Brian Hambling, Pauline van (2013). User acceptance testing : a step-by-step guide. BCS Learning & Development Limited. ISBN9781780171678.
- ^Black, Rex (August 2009). Managing the Testing Process: Practical Tools and Techniques for Managing Hardware and Software Testing. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN978-0-470-40415-7.
- ^Cimperman, Rob (2006). UAT Defined: A Guide to Practical User Acceptance Testing. Pearson Education. pp. Chapter 2. ISBN9780132702621.
External links[edit]
- Writing Software Security Test Cases - Putting security test cases into your test plan by Robert Auger
- Software Test Case Engineering By Ajay Bhagwat
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Test_case&oldid=1000403814'
This R tutorial describes how to compute and visualize a correlation matrix using R software and ggplot2 package.
Correlation matrix can be created using the R function cor() :
Read more about correlation matrix data visualization : correlation data visualization in R
The package reshape is required to melt the correlation matrix :
The function geom_tile()[ggplot2 package] is used to visualize the correlation matrix :
The default plot is very ugly. We’ll see in the next sections, how to change the appearance of the heatmap.
Note that, if you have lot of data, it’s preferred to use the function geom_raster() which can be much faster.
Note that, a correlation matrix has redundant information. We’ll use the functions below to set half of it to NA.
Helper functions :
Usage :
Melt the correlation data and drop the rows with NA values :
In the figure above :
- negative correlations are in blue color and positive correlations in red. The function scale_fill_gradient2 is used with the argument limit = c(-1,1) as correlation coefficients range from -1 to 1.
- coord_fixed() : this function ensures that one unit on the x-axis is the same length as one unit on the y-axis.
This section describes how to reorder the correlation matrix according to the correlation coefficient. This is useful to identify the hidden pattern in the matrix. hclust for hierarchical clustering order is used in the example below.
Helper function to reorder the correlation matrix :
Reordered correlation data visualization :
- Use geom_text() to add the correlation coefficients on the graph
- Use a blank theme (remove axis labels, panel grids and background, and axis ticks)
- Use guides() to change the position of the legend title
Read more about correlation matrix data visualization : correlation data visualization in R
This analysis has been performed using R software (ver. 3.2.1) and ggplot2 (ver. 1.0.1)
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